




























































































































Glass 



























MODERN 


Stone-Cutting and Masonry. 


WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MAKING 
OF WORKING DRAWINGS . 


BY 

JOHN S. SIEBERT, C.E., 

AND 

FREDERIC CHILD BIGGIN, B.S., 

ARCHITECT 

Instructor in Architecture , Lehigh University. 


FIRST E DITTO AT, 

FIRST THOUSAND. 


NEW YORK: 

JOHN WILEY & SONS. 

London : CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited. 

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Copyright, 1896, 

HY 

JOHN S. SIEBERT 

AND 

FREDERIC C. BIGGIN. 






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PREFACE. 


It has long been recognized that the works on stone-cut¬ 
ting used in this country are entirely out of date and not 
abreast of the present demands. 

The reasons are apparent. Those works were modelled 
strictly on lines set by the French school, which dealt chiefly 
with the heavy masonry of fortifications, and the intricate 
stone constructions used for the immense churches and cathe- 
drals, built when the Church throughout Europe was in the 
zenith of its power. Times have changed. The heaviest 
masonry is no protection against modern projectiles, and steel 

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frames veneered with stone and brick form the walls of our 
largest buildings. This is not the place to discuss the merits 
of the different styles of construction, the grace of the stone 
arch and the steel cantilever, or to place the beauty of a stone 
carving in opposition to the hard lines of iron ornament; 
suffice it to say that first cost is a very important factor in 
this country, and that, stability and usefulness being equal, 
the cheaper structure is generally adopted. 

Intricate stonework is therefore excluded everywhere, save 
on very costly structures, and a treatise dealing with such 
work would be interesting and valuable only in so fat as^it 
presented problems to be worked by the student in search of 
exercise for his mental powers. 

* • • ^ 

. HI 



IV 


PKEFA CE. 


It has been the aim of the authors, in this little volume, 
to collect and make available for the student’s use only such 
material as finds a direct application in engineering and arch¬ 
itectural practice in this country. Chapter I describes the 
mason’s and stone-cutter’s tools, the shape and finish pro¬ 
duced by these, the classification of masonry according to 
shape and finish, as defined by the best existing authorities, 
and closes with a few general remarks on bond, dressing, etc. 

Chapter II deals with stone-cutting and masonry proper, 
and after a few preliminary definitions and descriptions takes 
up the study of the different examples chosen. The explana¬ 
tions are detailed where thought necessary, but some of the 
drawings are intended only as models according to which the 
student should make similar ones. 

The skew or oblique arch is not treated here, because it is 
rarely used; the right arch with skew face, Plate VIII, or 
some other simple expedient being substituted. If it be¬ 
comes necessary to build a true skew arch, the student should 
refer to “ Traite Pratique de la Coupe des Pierres,” by Emile 
Lejeune, Paris; the German works of Dr. Ringlcb; and the 
American publications of Prof. Warren bearing on the subject. 

The drawings should in all cases be made at least to a 
scale of one fourth inch per foot, with details three times this 
size; better still if both can be made double the scales men¬ 
tioned, although it should be borne in mind that those first 
given are the ones commonly used in practice. Let the work 
be executed accurately, neatly, and with strong lines, re¬ 
membering that nearly all office drawings are nowadays made 
on tracing-linen, for blue-printing, and that fancy titles are 
not in demand. The draughtsman who can make the plain 
Roman letters well has a broad foundation for all styles of 
lettering. 


PREFACE. 


V 


For exercises other than those given in the book the 
teacher should select some good existing masonry structures, 
have the class take full measurements of them, and then 
make complete drawings in accorc* mce with the samples given 
in these pages. Models should always be available for the 
student, and the authors have in preparation a series of 
models illustrating various stone-cutting problems. They 
may be obtained direct from the undersigned. 

The authors desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to 
Mr. Bernard R. Green, superintendent and engineer of the 
building for the Library of Congress; Messrs. Webster and 
Shaw, engineers of the Lehigh Valley Railroad; and Messrs. 
E. S. Wheeler and J. L. Callard, United States engineers on 
the Sault Ste. Marie Canal, for the valuable material furnished 
for use in this book. 

John S. Siebert. 

South Bethlehem, Pa., 

Jan. i, 1896. 










'• * • .• 





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11 










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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER I. 

Definitions and Classifications. 

PAGE 

Art. i. Names and Definitions of Stone-mason’s Tools . . • i 

Art. 2. Stones Classified according to Finish ..... 6 

Art. 3. Definitions of Parts of the Structure.10 

Art. 4. Classification of Masonry . . . .... 12 

CHAPTER II. 

Stone-cutting and Masonry. 

Art. 1. Definitions.. * . 18 

Art. 2. Gothic Buttress ..«•••••• 21 

Art. 3. Arches.23 

Art. 4. Intersecting Arches. *..32 

Art. 5. Arch-culverts.. • . . . 35 

Art. 6. Railroad-bridge Masonry,.41 

Art. 7. Canal-lock Masonry ........ 44 

Art. 8. Architectural Stonework • . . . • . . 46 


vii 

















































MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


CHAPTER I. 

\ * 

DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 

> i 

Art. i.—Names and Descriptions of Stone-mason’s 

Tools. 

1. The following definitions of stone-mason’s tools and 
masonry are taken from the report of the Committee of the 
American Society of Civil Engineers, prepared to secure uni¬ 
formity of nomenclature on this subject. (See Trans. Am. 
Soc. C. E., vol. V. I. pp. 297-304.) 

2 . The tools used at the quarry for roughly shaping the 
stones for transportation and also for shaping for the lower 
grades of masonry are (see Fig. 1): the Double-face Hammer , 
a tool weighing from 20 to 30 pounds; the Face-hammer , 
having one blunt and one cutting edge and weighing less 
than the double-face hammer; the Cavil , having one blunt 
and one pointed or pyramidal end and weighing from 15 to 
20 pounds; the Pick somewhat resembles the pick used in 
digging, is mostly used on limestone and sandstone, and is 
from 15 to 24 inches long, the thickness at the eye being 
about 2 inches. 

The tools shown in Figs. 2-6 are used for dressing proper. 

The Axe or Pean-hammer (Fig. 2) has two opposite cut- 



2 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


ting edges. It is used for making drafts around the arris or 
edge of stones, and in reducing faces and sometimes joints 
to a level. Its length is about io inches and the cutting 






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double face hammer ] 


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edge about 4 inches. It is used after the point and before 
the patent hammer. 

The Tooth-axe (Fig. 3) is like the axe, except that its 
cutting edges are divided into teeth, the number of which 
vary with the kind of work required. This tool is not used 
in granite and gneiss cutting. 

o o o 

The Bush-hammer (Fig. 4) is a square prism of steel 
whose ends are cut into a number of pyramidal points. The 


































DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS . 


3 


length of the hammer is from 4 to 8 inches, and the cutting 
face from 2 to 4 inches square. The points vary in number 



Fig. 3. 



and in size with the work to be done. One end is some¬ 
times made with a cutting edge like that of an axe. 

The Crandall (Fig. 5) is a malleable-iron bar about 2 feet 




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CRANDALL 





Fig. 5. 

long, slightly flattened at one end. In this end is a slot, 3 
inches long and f inch wide. Through this slot are passed 























































4 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


ten double-headed points of |~inch squared steel, 9 inches 
long, which are held in place by a key. 

The Patent Hammer (Fig. 6) is a double-headed tool so 
formed as to hold at each end a set of wide thin chisels. 



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PATENT HAMMER 


Fig. 6. 




HAND HAMMER 


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CHISEL 







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Fig. 7. 

The tool is in two parts, which are held together by the bolts 
which hold the chisels. This tool is used for giving a finish 
to the surface of stones. 

3. All of the above mentioned are two-handed, or require 




























































DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 


5 


both hands of the workman to use them. The remaining 
tools to be described require the use of only one hand for 
each. 

1 he hand hammer and mallet are used for chiselling hard 
and soft stones respectively. The pitching-chisel is used to 
make a well-defined edge on the face of a stone, and the 
point for finishing a surface. The chisel and tooth-chisel are 
used for cutting drafts or margins on the face of stones, but 
the latter is used only on marbles and sandstones. The 
splitting-chisel and plug are used for splitting stratified and 
unstratified stone respectively. 

In architectural carving a variety of chisels of different 
forms are used, for most of which no specific name exists. 

For extensive operations machinery replaces many of the 
hand tools above described. The chief ones are the saw and 


PITCHING CHISEL 


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POINT 





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PLUGS AND FEATHERS 


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Fig. $. 


planer, the latter being a machine very similar to a metal 
planer. By simply changing the cutting tool a great variety 
of surfaces may be formed. A certain amount of hand-work, 
however, always remains to be done on nearly all stones. 



































6 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY, ’ 


Art. 2.—Stones Classified according to Finish. 

4. All stones used in building come under one of three 
classes, viz. : 

I. Rough stones that are used as they come from the 
quarry. 

II. Stones roughly squared and dressed. 

III. Stones accurately squared and finely dressed. 

In practice the line of separation between them is not 
very distinctly marked, but one class gradually merges into 
the next. 

5. I. Unsquared Stones or Rubble. —This class covers 
all stones which are used as they come from the quarry with¬ 
out other preparation than the removal of very acute angles, 
and excessive projections from the general figure. The term 
“ backing,” which is frequently applied to this class of stone, 
is inappropriate, as it properly designates material used in a 
certain relative position in a wall, whereas stones of this kind 
may be used in any position. 

6 . II. Squared Stones.— This class covers all stones that 
are roughly squared and roughly dressed on beds and joints. 
The dressing is usually done with the face hammer or the 
axe, or in soft stones with the tooth-axe. The distinction 
between this class and the third lies in the degree of closeness 
of the joints which is demanded. Where the dressing on the 
joints is such that the distance between the general planes of 
the surfaces of adjoining stones is one half inch or more, the 
stones properly belong to this class. 

Three subdivisions of this class may be made, depending 
on the character of the face of the stone: 

(a) Quarry-faced stones are those whose faces are left un¬ 
touched as they come from the quarry. 


DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 


7 


(F) Pitch-faced stones are those on which the arris is 
clearly defined by a line beyond which the rock is cut away 
by the pitching-chisel, so as to give edges that are approxi¬ 
mately true. (Fig. 20.) 

if) Drafted stones are those on which the face is sur¬ 
rounded by a chisel-draft, the space inside the draft being 
left rough. Ordinarily, however, this is done only on stones 
in which the cutting of the joints is such as to exclude them 
from this class. 

In ordering stones of this class the specification should 
always state the width of the bed and end joints which are 
expected, and how far the surface of the face may project 
beyond the plane of the edge. In practice the projection 
varies between 1 inch and 6 inches. It should also be speci¬ 
fied whether or not the faces are to be drafted. 

7. II. Cut Stones. —This class covers all squared stones 
with smoothly dressed beds and joints. As a rule all the 
edges of cut stones are drafted, and between the drafts the 
stone is smoothly dressed. The face, however, is often left 
rough when the constructions are massive. 

Rough-pointed .—When it is necessary to remove an inch 
or more from the face of a stone, it is done by the pick or 
heavy points until the projections vary from J to 1 inch. 
The stone is then said to be rough-pointed. This operation 
precedes all others in dressing limestone and granite. 

Fine-pointed .—If a smoother finish is desired, rough¬ 
pointing is followed by fine-pointing, which is done with a 
fine point. It is only used where the finish made by it is to 
be final, and never as a preparation for final finish by another 
tool. 

Crandalled .—This is only a speedy method of pointing, 
the effect being the same as fine-pointing, except that the 


8 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


dots are more regular. The variations of level are about J 
inch, and the rows are made parallel. When other rows at 
right angles to the first are introduced, the stone is said to be 
cross-crandalled. 



Fig. 9. Fig. to. 

Axed or Pean-hammercd, a fid Patent-hammered .—These 
two vary only in the degree of smoothness of the surface 



Fig. 11. Fig. 12. 

which is produced. The number of blades in a patent ham¬ 
mer varies from 6 to 12 to the inch, and in precise specifica¬ 
tions the number of cuts to the inch must be stated, such as 
6 cut, 8 cut, 10 cut, 12 cut. The effect of axing is to cover 
the suface with chisel-marks which are made parallel as far as 
possible. Axing is a final finish. 

Tooth-axed .—The tooth-axe is practically a number of 
points, and it leaves the surface of the stone in the same 
condition as fine-pointing. It is usually, however, only a 
preparation for bush-hammering, and the work is then done 
without regard for effect so long as the surface of the stone 

is sufficiently levelled. 

\ 

Bush-hammered .—The roughnesses of a stone are pounded 











































DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 


9 


off by the bush-hammer, and the stone is then said to be 
“bushed.’ This kind of finish is dangerous on sandstone, 
as experience has proved that sandstone thus treated is very 
apt to scale. 

In dressing limestone which is to have a bush-hammered 



finish the usual sequence of operations is: 1st, rough-point¬ 
ing; 2d, tooth-axing; 3d, bush-hammering. 

Rubbed. —In dressing sandstone and marble it is very 
common to give the stone a plane surface at once by the use 
of the stone-saw. Any roughnesses left by the saw are re¬ 
moved by rubbing with grit or sandstone. Such stones 
therefore have no margins. They are frequently used in 
architecture for string-courses, lintels, door-jambs, etc., and 
they are also well adapted for use in facing the walls of lock- 
chambers, and in other localities where a stone surface is 
liable to be rubbed by vessels or other moving bodies. 

Diamond Panels .—Sometimes the space between the mar¬ 
gins is sunk immediately adjoining them and then rises 
gradually until the four planes form an apex at the middle of 
the panel. Such panels are called diamond panels, and in 
the case described the panel is a sunk diamond panel. When 
the surface of the stone rises gradually from the inner lines of 
the margins to the middle of the panel, it is called a raised 
diamond panel. Both kinds of finish are common on bridge 
















IO 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONIC V. 


quoins and similar work. The details of this method of 
dressing should be given in the specifications. 

8 . The student should take care not to confound the 
above-described three classes with what is termed first-, 
second-, and third-class masonry in railroad-engineering work. 
Extracts from specifications defining these classes are given 
in §§ 45> 53) 54- 

Art. 3.—Definitions of Parts of the Structure. 

9. Face, the front surface of a wall; back, the inside 
surface. 

Facing, the stone which forms the face or outside of the 
wall. Backing, the stone which forms the back of the wall. 
Filling, the interior of the wall. 

Batter .—The slope of the surface of the wall. A batter 
of 1 inch to 1 foot, etc., means a horizontal departure of one 
inch from a vertical direction for each foot of altitude. 

Course .—A horizontal layer of stone in the wall. If the 
stones of each layer are of equal thickness throughout, it is 
termed regular coursing; if the thicknesses are unequal, the 
term random or unequal coursing is applied. 

Joints .—The mortar layer between the stones. The 
horizontal joints are called bed-joints or simply beds; the 
vertical joints are sometimes called the builds. Usually the 
horizontal joints are called beds, and the vertical ones joints. 

Coping .—A projecting course of heavy stones (generally 
weathered) on the top of the wall to protect it. (A coping is 
weathered when it is bevelled sufficiently to throw the water 
away from the face of the wall.) 

Pointing .—A better quality of mortar put in the face of 
the joints to help them resist the influence of the weather. 



DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. fl 

10. Bond .—The arrangement of stones in adjacent 
courses. (See Art. 5.) 

Stretcher .—A stone whose greatest dimension lies parallel 
to the face of the wall. 

Header .—A stone whose greatest dimension lies perpen* 
dicular to the face of the wall. 



Fig. 15. 


Dowels .—Pins of metal or stone which enter a hole in the 
upper side of one stone and also a hole in the lower side of 
the stone next above. They are used to prevent lateral 
motion between two stones. (Fig. 15.) 

Cramps .—Metal bars having the ends turned at righ'; 
angles to the body of the bar, which enter holes in the upper 
sides of adjacent stones. (Fig. 16.) 

Quoin .—A corner-stone. A quoin is a header for one 
face, and a stretcher for the other. (Fig. 17.) 


L.ef C. 










12 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


Art. 4.—Classification of Masonry. 

II. As the term stone masonry includes properly all 
classes of construction in stone which require the employ¬ 
ment of skilled mechanics or masons, any class of masonry 



Fig. 16 


may be laid dry, in lime mortar or in cement mortar, at will. 
On this point specifications should always be precise. 

12. Rubble Masonry. —This is composed of unsquared 
stones. It is divided into: Uncoursed Rubble (Fig. 17), laid 



« 


Fig. 17. 


without any attempt at regular courses, and Coursed Rubble 
(Fig. 18), levelled off at specified heights to a horizontal sur¬ 
face. The stone may be required to be roughly shaped with 




























DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 


13 


the hammer, so as to fit approximately; it is then called 
squared rubble. 



Fig. 18. 



13. Squared-stone Masonry. —According to the char¬ 
acter of the face, this is classified as Quarry-faced (Fig. 19) 
or as Pitch-faced (Fig. 20). If laid in regular courses of 



about the same rise throughout, it is Range -work (Fig. 21). 
If laid in courses that are not continuous thioughout the 
length of the wall, it is Broken Range -work (Fig. 22). If not 































































14 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


laid in courses at all. it is Random -work (Fig. 23), and this is 
generally to be expected of this kind of masonry unless the 
specifications call for Range -work. This style of masonry is 
called Block in Course by the English. In quarry-faced and 



pitch-faced masonry, quoins and the sides of openings are 
usually hammer-dressed. This consists in removing projec¬ 
tions so as to secure a rough-smooth surface, and is done with 
the face-hammer, the plain axe, or the tooth-axe. This work 
is a necessity where door or window frames are inserted, and 
it greatly improves the general effect of the wall if used wher¬ 
ever a corner is turned. 

14. Ashlar Masonry. —This is equivalent to “cut-stone 
masonry,” or masonry composed of any of the various kinds 

of cut stone mentioned above. 
As a rule the courses are con¬ 
tinuous (Fig. 24), but sometimes 
they are broken by the introduc¬ 
tion of smaller stones of the same 
kind, and then it is called Broken 
Ashlar (Fig. 25). If the stones 
are less than one foot in height, the term Small Ashlar is 
proper. The term Rough Ashlar is sometimes given to 
squared-stone masonry, either “quarry-faced” or -‘pitch- 


































































































































DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 


15 

faced,” when laid as range- work, but it is believed that it is 
more logical and more expressive to call such masonry 
‘‘squared range-work.” From its derivation, ashlar appar¬ 
ently means large square blocks, but practice seems to have 
made it synonymous with “ cut stone,” and this secondary 
meaning has been retained for convenience. 

Dimension-stones are cut stones all of whose dimensions 
have been fixed in advance. If the specifications for ashlar 




Fig. 25. 

masonry are so written as to prescribe the dimensions to be 
used, it will not be necessary to make a new class of such 
stones. 

Range-work, whether of squared stones or of ashlar, is 
usually backed up with rubble masonry, which in such cases is 
specified as Coursed Rubble. 

Whatever terms are employed in common use to various 
classes of masonry, it is not safe to trust to them alone in 
preparing specifications for construction, but every specifica¬ 
tion should contain an accurate description of the character 
and quality of the work desired. Whenever practicable, 
samples of such kind of cutting and masonry should be pre¬ 
pared beforehand, and exhibited to the persons who propose 
to undertake the work. 




































































MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


16 


Art. 5.—Strength of Masonry. 

15. The strength of masonry will depend on the size of 
the blocks, the accuracy of the dressing, the bond, and the 
quality of the mortar. 

16. Size of Stone. —The size of the blocks varies with 
the nature of the stone and quarry. 

Some stones are strong enough to be used in any size, 
while others are limited by certain proportions of len gtii, 
breadth, and thickness. 

A common rule, for ordinary stone, is to make the 
breadth at least equal to the thickness, and seldom greater 
than twice this dimension, and to limit the length to within 
th ree times the thickness. When the breadth or the length is 
considerable in comparison with the thickness, there is danger 
that the block may break if any unequal settling or unequal 
pressure should take place. As to the absolute dimensions, 
the thickness is generally not less than one foot nor more 
than two; stones of this thickness with the relative dimen¬ 
sions just laid down will weigh from 1000 to 8000 lbs., allow¬ 
ing, on an average, 160 lbs. per cubic foot. Such a weight 
requires considerable effort of both men and machinery to 
set it in place. 

17. Accuracy of Dressing. —Accurate dressing is essen¬ 
tial for first-class work. If the individual blocks fit well on 
each other, the pressure is equalized, and cracking from this 
cause avoided. One of the objects of the mortar between 
the blocks is to equalize the pressure, and it will thus be seen 
that the less attention is paid to dressing the better the 
quality of the mortar should be. Many of the largest build¬ 
ings of antiquity were erected without the use of mortar, 
but so well were the stones fitted together that the structures 


f 


DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 


17 

stood until overthrown by violence. Before finally placing a 
block of cut stone, a trial should be made to see that it fits 
properly. 

18. Bond.— In stonework of any kind it is of the utmost 
importance to secure a good bond. 

Headers should in all cases extend into the wall two thirds 
of its thickness, and preferably entirely through the wall from 
front to back. The number of headers in a given space 
varies much with the class of work. Flemish bond, consist¬ 
ing of alternate headers and stretchers, presents the best 
appearance and is probably as strong as any other plain bond. 
In foundation-work there should not be less than one header 
for every five square feet of surface of wall. 

The vertical joints of the blocks of each course alternate 
with the vertical joints of the courses above and below it, or 
break joints with them. The vertical joints of one course are 
not to be less than four inches on one side of those in the 
next course, and the headers should rest as nearly as possible 
on the middle of the stretchers in the course below. In im¬ 
portant work the proportion of headers, limiting sizes of 
stones, joints, etc., are always specified. 

The mean thickness of a rubble wall should not be less 
than one sixth of the height; in the case of a dry stone wall 
the thickness should never be less than two feet. 

The largest stones should be used for the foundation 

o 

course. 

Stratified stone should be laid on its natural bed , i.e., so 
that the direction of pressure comes at right angles to the 
direction of the laminae. 



CHAPTER II. 


STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 

Art. i.—Definitions. 

19. STEREOTOMY, as applied to stone-cutting, is the art 
or science which teaches how to make drawings, patterns, 
bevels, etc., by which the mason may shape blocks of stone 
which when fitted together form a predetermined whole. 

20. The stone structures treated of in these limits may be 
divided into two general classes: 

1st, those having plane surfaces only; and, 2d, those hav¬ 
ing plane and curved surfaces. The second class may be vari¬ 
ously subdivided as structures with developable surfaces, with 
warped surfaces, and with surfaces of double curvature. 

In engineering work structures of the first class predomi¬ 
nate, and in architectural work those of the second. Exam¬ 
ples of the first class may be found in retaining-walls, wing- 
walls, culverts, piers, canal-locks, buttresses, and fortifica¬ 
tions; and of the second class in piers, arches, vaults, domes, 
towers, aqueducts, etc. Numerous engineering structures 
and buildings show examples of both classes. A sharp divi¬ 
sion is therefore neither necessary nor desirable, and no 
effort has been made in these pages to keep them separate, 
except in the theoretic examples. 

21. The first operation in all stone-cutting is to form the. 
joints of one surface, and from these all the other bounding 


6 ' TONE- CU T TING A ND MA SO NR 1 '. 


19 


planes of the finished stone are derived (Fig. 26). A line is 
first drawn around the stone and the joints either pitched off 
to this line with the pitching-chisel, as in Fig. 20, or a chisel- 
draft is sunk all around the face until the line is reached (Fig. 
27). The rough projections of the central portion are then 



brought to the plane of the margin by means of chisel and 
crandall, and finished according to specifications. 

22 . Directing-instruments. —These are of three kinds.— 
patterns , templets , and bevels ,—and must of course all be full 
size. 

Patterns show the forms of plane or of developable sur¬ 
faces, and in the latter case are made of flexible material. 

Templets give the forms of required edges or other dis¬ 
tinguishing lines of a surface. A pattern is used to lay out 
the relative position of the edges, whereas a templet defines 
any particular edge or edges. 

Bevels show the diedral angles between surfaces. The 
common carpenter’s square is a special form of bevel, and 
the straight-edge a special form of templet. 

Thus in Fig. 28 patterns would give the outline of the 
faces marked A, B, and C, and a bevel or templet, or both, 
might be used for D. 

23. It is the place of the engineer or architect to supply 
the stone-cutters with such drawings as will enable them to 
make all the necessary directing-instruments. In practical 







20 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


work it is therefore not customary to make such detailed 
drawings as shown here for some of the simpler examples;, 
but in order that the student may know to what extent to go 



into detail he must himself know how to make these details 
from the drawings. 

The plates, which we will now discuss, fully illustrate 
this point. 













FRONT ELEVATION 



PLATE 1 

GOTHIC BUTTRESS 







Scale of Plans 
and Elevations 

i-1 

0 1 2 


1 

3 Feet 


Scale of Patterns 
and 

Isometric of Stone 

I l I * I I 1 I I I I » | » 

0 1 2 Feet 


PLAN AT CAP 































































21 


STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


Art. 2.—Gothic Buttress. 

PLATE I. 

24. Plate I illustrates a simple Gothic buttress, examples 
of which may be seen on the walls of many churches. 

Since the corresponding points on the various figures bear 
the same letters, the student should have no difficulty in 
reading the drawing. For the sake of clearness a horizontal 
section at the base is shown, and another just below the cap. 
The stone A , of which the details are drawn, is termed a 
kneclcr , and the manner in which it serves to support the 
coping, or cap, is evident. The details show an isometric 
view of the stone A, and patterns of the different faces. 
The size of the stone in the rough is indicated by the broken 
line on the isometric. In practice these patterns are made 
full size and cut out of paper, cardboard, or zinc. 

25. The method of working in this case would be about 
as follows: Having cut the rough block of stone to a prism 
of nearly the desired dimensions, as explained above (§ 21), 
the face a is marked out from its pattern and brought to a 
plane; and the back of the stone and the two faces marked 
b worked at right angles to a. 

The surfaces b are next marked, and c roughly cut into 
shape; b is dressed, drafts run around the edges of c, and its 
surfaces finally worked. The bottom is now easily dressed 
to the proper plane, and the stone is ready to hoist into 
place. 

26. For a working drawing the details shown on this 
plate would be omitted, because the foreman of the masons 




MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


could readily make the patterns himself from the general 
drawings for such a simple case. 

27. Exercises. — 1. Draw an isometric view and the nec¬ 
essary patterns of the stone B. 

2. Draw a buttress similar to the one shown on Plate I 
against a wall 3 ft. thick at the base, 13 ft. high,- batter of 
face of wall 1 inch per foot, height and dimensions of base of 
buttress as in illustration, batter of its front 1 inch per foot 
and its sides J- inch per foot. Slope of top and water- 
tables as shown. Make the necessary details for the stones 
similar to A and B. 

3. Take the measurements and make drawings of a but¬ 
tress on some building. 







PLATE 2 


PERSPECTIVE OF ARCH 



PARTS 





llitlll 


1 ft 


D A B=Span 
D E= Springing Line 
V = Voussoirs 
K = Central Voussoir or 
Keystone 
M C R = Extrados 
C = Crown 


A F = Rise 
S=Springer 
D F B = lntrados 
R H C = Spandrel 
C R =Haunch 
B R=Skewback 

























































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


23 


Art. 3.—Arches, 
plate 11. 

28. This plate clearly illustrates and defines the various 
parts of an arch. Additional definitions are: 

Soffit: the concave surface of the arch. 

Back: the convex surface of the arch. 

Spandrel-filling: the filling in the space CHR . 

All the definitions given for one half the arch naturally 
apply to the other half; thus there are two haunches, two 
skew-backs, etc. 

String-course: a course running the length of the arch, 
parallel to DE in a right arch. 

Ring-course: a course parallel to the face of the arch. 

Coursing-joint: a joint between adjoining string-courses. 
Also called Bed-joint. 

Heading-joint: a joint between adjoining ring-courses. 

Arch-sheeting: all of the arch masonry of the arch 
proper, except the face-voussoirs. 

The face of the arch is also called The Head , and the face- 
voussoirs Ring-stones. 


24 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


PLATE III. 

29. On Plate III are shown methods of constructing the 
principal styles of arches used in architecture and engineer¬ 
ing. 

The style of the arch to be employed is governed by the 
style of architecture employed, the purpose it is to serve, and 
the local conditions. The full-centred or semicircular arch 
(Fig. 1) is the strongest, but is often replaced by the segmen¬ 
tal (Fig. 6), owing to limited space for the rise. The elliptic 
arch (Pig. 4) is generally considered the most graceful; and 
the Gothic and Tudor arches (Figs. 3 and 5) are employed 
chiefly in certain styles of architecture. 

The Gothic or pointed arch, shown in Fig. 3, is drawn by 
striking intersecting arcs from a, a as centres, with the span 
as radius. 

30. If the intrados is to be an oval and its rise is to be 
not less than one third the span, a three-centred oval will 
generally give a curve of form more pleasing to the eye than 
one of a greater number of centres. 

If we assume the radius of the curve at the springing- 
lines, the general construction of a three-centred oval is as 
follows: 

On the span and rise set off at AD and EF a distance less 
than the rise HE. Draw DE, bisect it by a perpendicular, 
and extend this perpendicular to meet EH produced in 
C. Then will C and D be two of the required centres. 

An infinite number of ovals may be thus constructed for 
the same span and rise, and a third condition may be imposed 






PLATE 3 

MASONRY ARCHES 


SCALE OF FEET 





























S1 ONE- CU1'1 'EY a A ND MA SO AN Y. 


25 


if it be desired to make a determinate solution. (See 
Wheeler’s “Civil Engineering,” p. 258.) 

31, The four-centred Tudor arch (Fig. 5) may be con¬ 
structed as follows: Divide the span AD into four equal 
parts, AB, BC , etc. From B and C as centres, with radius 
equal to BC, describe arcs intersecting in F. Draw BF and 
extend it to meet a perpendicular to AD through C. With 
B as centre and radius AB describe AK , and with H as cen¬ 
tre and radius HK describe KE. Similarly for the other 
half of the arch. 

The segmental arch (Fig. 6), such as is used to span open¬ 
ings over doors and windows, is constructed on the equilateral 
triangle ABC , having a side equal to the span. 


26 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY . 


PLATE IV. 

32.The Recessed Flat Arch, or Plate-band. —This form 
of arch is used where it is desirable to have the top of the 
opening present a flat surface. The bearing power of this 
construction is small, and any considerable weight above it is 
borne by a relieving-arch or a beam. The lintels over the 
doors and windows of a brick building are simple examples. 
This arch should not be used for spans exceeding ten feet. • 

H aving given the necessary dimensions, the front elevation 
and top view are drawn. A top view is shown in place of 
the usual plan in order to bring out the joints of the arch. 
Thus the line f-g shows a joint on the back of the arch ; h—i 
on the elevation corresponds to h—i on the top view. There 
being a shoulder at i which does not appear on the elevation, 
and the line i-l being in a vertical plane, the points cannot be 
lettered alike without tending to confuse. The student 
should draw a vertical section through the keystone, which 
will materially aid him to a better understanding of the 
structure. 

The isometric of the stone A may be drawn as follows: 
From any convenient point, as O , draw the usual co-ordinate 
axes, O-a , 0-2, and O- 13. Lay off 0-2 equal to the width 
of the stone, equA to 12-2 on the elevation. Draw the front 
of the stone, all of whose lines except 4-5 show in their true 
size, and may therefore be taken from the elevation. Layoff 
1 —14 and 14-15, equal to 1 — 14 and 14-8 respectively on the 
top view, and draw 1 — 15. 15-16=8-9, 16-12= 15^-12, 
and 12—13= 10-13. As a check O- 13 should equal n—O. 


PLATE 4 

RECESSED FLAT ARCH 




d f 



0 m 13 o 




0 


PATTERNS FOR 
JOINT A-B 


SCALE OF FEET 



II 



JOINT A-C 

SCALE OF FEET 


ISOMETRIC OF 
STONE AT A 

SCALE OF FEET 


S 


I 








































































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 2 J 

From the points 13, 12, 16, and 15 draw the verticals as 
taken from the elevation, and the drawing is readily com¬ 
pleted. The patterns, being numbered to correspond to the 
numbering on the other figures, need no further explanation. 

33. Exercises on Plate IV. — 1. Draw a vertical section 
through the keystone. 

2. Draw an isometric of, and all necessary patterns for, 
the keystone and the stone B. 

3. Draw a recessed circular or pointed arched gateway of 
dimensions similar to the flat one shown; adding three or 
four stone steps to the front. 


28 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


PLATE V. 

34. Arches in Circular Walls. —An arch in a circular 

wall is a construction sometimes met in architectural and in 
engineering work. 

It is generally avoided, owing to the difficulty of construct¬ 
ing it, and the not pleasing effect of the finished structure. 
There are instances, however, when it is necessary to use it, 
and an explanation of a simple case is inserted here. For the 
more complex cases the student is referred to Emile Lejeune’s 
“ Traite Pratique de la Coupe des Pierres.” 

35. Almost any form of arch may be constructed in a cir¬ 
cular wall. Two general divisions may be noted—the cylin¬ 
drical arch, and the radiant arch. The first is the ordinary 
arch with cylindrical intrados and extrados, whereas in the 
second the elements of intrados and extrados radiate from a 
common vertical axis. The elements are, however, in every 
case parallel to the springing-plane—a point which should be 
carefully noted, and which will readily appear from an inspec¬ 
tion of Plate III. The outer and inner openings of the cylin¬ 
drical arch are the same in size, but in the radiant arch the 
inner opening is smaller. 

36 . A cylindrical arch in a circular wall may be considered 
as a case of two cylinders intersecting at right angles, the axis 
of the one being vertical and that of the other horizontal. 
We will explain how to obtain all the necessary patterns, 
bevels, etc., have given plan, elevation, etc., of the arch. 

37. Fig. 1 shows the elevation of a cylindrical circular arch 
and a portion of the circular wall containing it. The plan 



PLATE 5 

CYLINDRICAL ARCH 

IN A 

CIRCULAR WALL 



I 





























































































































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 29 

shows the joints as though the soffit were viewed from below, 
which is done to show its joints more plainly. Let us take 
some one stone, as X, and show how to derive all the patterns 
necessary to work its faces. 

Draw first an isometric view, as Fig. 6, in order to obtain 
a better conception of its appearance. Briefly, this may be 
constructed thus: Around the elevation and plan of X draw 
rectangles showing the limits of the rough stone from which 
to work the finished block. Draw an isometric block with 
these dimensions, as f- 1-3-2, etc., and on this plot the cor¬ 
ners of the stone—remembering that three such co-ordinates 
are necessary to locate a point not in an isometric plane. 
Thus the point b requires the co-ordinates f— 2 and 2 -b from 
Fig. 1 and 2 —p from Fig. 2; which are laid off as/-2, 2-6, 
and 6 -b respectively in Fig. 6. 

The face A, having the curve of the wall as shown by the 
lines c-p and e-p, Fig. 2, must be developed to show its true 
size. The developments of one half the outer and one half 
the inner faces is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Set off along the line 
C-D, Fig. 3, the outer curve of the wall, by points from Fig. 
2 ; erect ordinates at these points and project the proper 
heights over from Fig. 1. (See Descriptive Geometry for 
development of cylinder.) The pattern is now shown in its 
true size at b-e-a-c-p, Fig. 3. The corresponding one for the 
inner face is found on Fig. 4. 

The pattern for B requires us to find the true size and 
appearance of the radial joints a-c and e-b. These joints are 
formed by the intersection of the planes K-L, K-M , etc., 
perpendicular to the vertical plane of projection, with the 
vertical cylinder or portion of cylinder forming the wall. 
They are therefore arcs of ellipses, and may be shown in their 
true size by revolving parallel to one of the planes of projec- 


30 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


tion or constructing- the ellipse, having given its axes. The 
former method is shown here, and for clearness the corre¬ 
sponding stone on the left of the arch is taken. The chord 
s-r, Fig. i, is used as an axis. When the ellipse is revolved 
into V, the point s remains stationary, being where the axis 
intersects the arc; r falls at v, a distance equal to wr, t at u> 
and other points similarly, u-v shows the arc we want, and 
Fig. 7 gives the construction of the pattern—the lines c-h 
and a-l being obtained from Fig. 2. 

To construct the pattern for C we must develop the under 
surface or soffit of the arch. If the arch were in a straight 
wall, its development would of course be simply a rectangular 
band equal in length to the semicircumference of the circle of 
radius K—a and in width to the thickness N-P. But owing 
to the circular shape of the wall the development departs from 
this rectangular form, as will be shown if a chord be drawn 
from h to 8, Fig. 2. To develop, then, lay off, by points, on 
the indefinite line //-/, Fig. 5, the length of the arch from 
Fig. 1, as H- 1, 1-2, etc., equal to H-c, e-i 7, etc., respec¬ 
tively, in Fig. 1 ; draw perpendiculars at these points, and 
project the points k, /, etc., over from Fig. 2. Through the 
points thus found draw the curve of the developed intrados. 
C shows the desired pattern. D is shown in its true size in 

V'ur o 

x ^. 

38 . At CAB , Fig. 1, is shown an arch square. It is a 
bevel, the arm AC of which radiates from the centre of the 
arch, and the arm AB is curved to the curve of the intrados, 
as shown on the elevation. 

39. The stone X may now be worked as follows: The face 
bps 7;/, Fig. 6, is rectangular, and needs no further explanation. 
The face D at right angles to this one is also readily worked, 
its pattern being shown on Fig. 2. A bevel, having the 


STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


31 


angle acp, Fig. 1, is made, and the face £ worked by means 
of it and the pattern , Fig. /. The soffit C is now worked by 
means of the arch square and the pattern calk, Fig. 5, this 
pattern being made of zinc, and bent to the proper curve on 
the arch square. The development A, Fig. 3, bent to the 
curve ap , Fig. 2, will give the pattern of A, Fig. 6, and 
therefore a templet for cl?. A draft cl? having been sunk, the 
face A is readily worked. The other faces are obtained 
similarly. 

40. Exercises. — 1. Draw an isometric and construct all 
necessary patterns and bevels for the keystone. 

2. Replace the arch in the illustration by a three-centred 
one and make the drawings. 

3. Make the drawings when the face of the arch is 
moulded. 


32 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY, 


Art. 4.—Intersecting Arches. 

PLATE VI. 

41. We will now deal briefly with the surfaces formed by 
the intersection of two arches. 

Whenever two intersecting surfaces of the second degree 
(ellipse, hyperbola, parabola) have one diameter in common, 
their intersections lie in planes, and are consequently pro¬ 
jected on the plane of the axes as straight lines. Two cylin¬ 
drical arches having each the same rise (the spans mayor may 
not be equal) will intersect in ellipses, and this is true whether 
the intersection be right or oblique. The curves thus formed 
by the intersection of two vaults are called groins, or groin 
curves. 

Two general divisions of intersecting arches may be noted, 
forming, 1st, The Cloistered Vault , and, 2d, The Groined 
Vault. 

The cloistered vault (Figs. 4 and 5) is formed when the 
arches meet to form a covering for a closed area, making a 
vaulted ceiling for a room. The groins in this case form 
valleys between the vaulting surfaces. The effect may be 
seen in any room which has a coved ceiling, i.e., one in 
which the walls and ceiling are connected by a curve instead 
of a right angle. 

The groined vault (Figs. 1,2, and 3) is formed when the 
arches cross each other, forming the vaulted passage called 
cross-vault (German Kreuzgang). Fig. 1 shows plainly how 
the groin curves, as fbg, are formed by the intersection of the 




PLATE 6 

GROINED 

AND 

CLOISTERED VAULTS 


SCALE OF FEET 

i—l—I—I—l-1—I—i-1—l—I 

0123450730 10 



a 






















































































































































-S' TONE- CUT'1 TNG A ND MA SO NR V. 


33 


different elements, ab, db, etc. It will be seen that the groins 

o 

in this case project into the passage—just the opposite from 
the cloistered groin. If in Fig. i the elements of the cylinder 
A lay between the groins fbg and fhk and the corresponding 
ones to the left, and the elements of the cylinder B lay be¬ 
tween the groins fbg and flm and the corresponding ones to 
the rear, the passageway would be closed and the groined 
vault would become a cloistered vault. 

Fig. 2 shows a groined vault from below. 

42. The Right Groined Vault. —Referring now to Fig. 
3, let the two vaults be given as in the plan, intersecting at 
right angles. The joint lines of the intrados are, as in Plate 
V, shown as full lines, because they are of more importance 
than those of the extrados, which latter is frequently left 
unfinished. Let the right section of the one vault be a circle 
of radius a-b, radius of extrados being equal to depth of 
keystone plus J- diameter of arch. This increase of radius 
gives a proper thickness towards the springing of the arches. 
Now let us impose the conditions that corresponding points 
on the two arches be the same height above the springing- 
plane, and that all bed-joints be normal to the soffits. 
The joints of the circular arch—call it No. 1—will of course 
radiate towards the centre a of the intrados, while those of 
the other arch, No. 2, will be determined as follows: 

First, to find the curve of the intrados of No. 2. Project 
the point b of No. 1 on the groin, in B ; from B draw Be 
parallel to the axis of No. 2, and layoff dc equal to eb; or 
project the point as shown by the dotted construction bfgc. 
Sufficient points having been thus found, the ellipse is readily 

drawn. 

To d raw the joints normal to the intrados we must first 
draw tangents at the points just determined. Draw a tangent 



MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


34 

bh in No. i and project it on the groin as BH ; draw HK 
parallel to the axis of No. 2, and join k and c for the new 
tangent. The normal is, of course, drawn perpendicular to 
this tangent, and the point m fixed by laying off its height 
above the springing-plane, as shown by / in No. i. The 
reason for this construction will be evident if the student 
remember that the tangent to the intersection of two surfaces 
lies in the intersection of the tangent planes. 

PRS shows the groin revolved into H, about BOS as an 
axis. 

Joining the points LMO, etc., gives the groin of the 
extrados. 

43. Exercises. —1. Isometric and patterns of keystone 
and a springing-stone. 

2. Two vaults of unequal spans uniting at an angle of 6o°. 

3. Details for 2. 

4. Let vault No. 1 stop on the line N-3 and No. 2 on the 
line P- 3. 









6 


PLATE 7 

FOOT ARCH CULVERT 

AUBURN & ITHACA R. R, 

3RD CLASS MASONRY 

% 

V*- 

O 


LOCATION PLAN] SHOWING ELEVATIONS 

SCALE OF FEET 
































































































































































































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY . 


35 


Art. 5.—Arch-culverts 

PLATE VII.—6-FT. ARCH-CULVERT, AUBURN & ITHACA 

R. R. 

44. Complete working drawings are shown on this plate of 
a small culvert built of rough masonry. 

45. Third-class masonry, as used on this road, is specified 
as being rubble-work (§ 12), laid with mortar in irregular 
courses, and will consist of stone containing generally six 
cubic feet each, so disposed as to make a firm and compact 
work; and no stone in the work shall contain less than three 
cubic feet, except for filling up the interstices between the 
large blocks in the heart of the wall. At least one fifth of the 
face shall be composed of headers extending full size four feet 
into the wall, and from the back the same proportion and of 
the same dimensions, so arranged that a header in the back 
shall be between two headers in the face. The corner-stones 

1 

shall be neatly hammer-dressed, so as to have horizontal beds 
and vertical joints. Also, drafts to be cut on all covers of 
masonry. 

46. The stones for the faces of the arch, coping, etc., are 
fully figured, and the mason is therefore able to cut them 
without further detailed drawings. 

The method adopted on this plate of showing one half 
views is done only to economize space. It is not recom¬ 
mended for working drawings of this class. The little extra 
time required to make the complete drawing is more than 


36 MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


balanced by the time saved during construction in avoiding 
numberless questions and the probability of making correc¬ 
tions on work done. 

This drawing is so well figured and lettered throughout 
that the student needs only to study it carefully in order to 
fully understand it. 


i 



e *«M n 




PLATE 8 

I 2 FOOT ARCH 

ON THE 

AUBURN & ITHACA R. R. 



3 ‘OR 4 PLANKING 


END ELEVATION 




















































































































































































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


37 


PLATE VIII.—12-FT. ARCH ON THE AUDURN & ITHACA R. R. 

47. This is a good illustration of a case where the rail¬ 
road does not cross the stream at right angles. To save 
building a larger structure than necessary recourse is had to 
a skew-face arch, i.e., one in / 



of a plain right arch giving 
the same width of roadway 


/ 


Fig. 28. 


as the skew-face arch would 
come. 

The extra haunching shown on the various figures is to 
strengthen the arch, and the planking, held by heavy sheet 
piling at the ends, serves to prevent the stream from scouring 
under the arch. The wing-walls are built with an even bat¬ 
ter on the inside faces, while for the outside faces and back of 
the parapet-walls the same effect is obtained by building 
steps. This is plainly shown on the right wing-wall of the 
end elevation. 

The right section CD shows the dimensions of the abut¬ 
ment-walls and the increased depth of the sheeting towards 
the springing. 

The student should note that, although the end elevation 
shows the arch as a semicircle, it is really a semiellipse with 
diameters equal to 13 feet and 12 feet respectively. 

Stones such as a on section AB and on longitudinal 






38 MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 

section and in other places are not filled in with cross-section 
lines, because it is desired to bring the cut-stone work into 
prominence. The general arrangement of the drawings on 
this plate is very good, the draughtsman being enabled to 
readily project from plan to elevation, sections, etc. 

48. I n passing it may be well to note the difference exist¬ 
ing between the term plan as used by the engineer and by 
the architect. The first uses it in the strictly correct sense, 
i.e., horizontal projection, while with the second it generally 
means a horizontal section at some point; thus the plan on 
this plate would be an architect’s top view. 



















































PLATE 9 








































































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY . 


39 


PLATE IX.—DETAILS OF ARCH ON PLATE VIII. 

49. Here are shown in a complete and simple manner the 
necessary details for the face-voussoirs of the skew-face arch 
on Plate VIII. The face is projected on a vertical plane at 
right angles to the axis of the arch, thus showing a semi¬ 
circle instead of a semiellipse. The 18' io{" given in the 
notes as the length of arch on inside face is the length of the 
intrados of a right section. As the thicknesses of the arch¬ 
stones are measured in this plane, it is evident that if proper 
measurements are given from such a plane to the outside 
corners of each face-stone the face of the arch will have the 
desired skew. These distances may be readily obtained from 
the complete plan of soffit and back. The plan as given 
shows the method, and for the sake of clearness the soffit and 
back are shown separate. Fig. 29 shows both projected on 
the same figure. 



The dimensions given on the drawings, together with the 
specifications for the kinds of masonry of which the structure 
is to be built, will enable the mason to shape the stones 
properly. 







40 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


Masonry for arch-culverts is sometimes divided into first 
and second class, but a general specification is as follows: 

50. Arch-culvert Masonry. —The abutments are to be 
built of second-class masonry (§ 54). 

The beds and joints of the arch-stone are to be accurately 
cut, and to be laid in courses throughout. The ring-stone 
will be neatly cut, and composed of alternate long and short 
bond-stones of not less than three feet and eighteen inches 
respectively. The parapet and wing walls will be built simi¬ 
larly to the abutments, and surmounted with a well-dressed 
coping, not less than fourteen inches thick and three feet 
wide, to be paid for at the same rate as for arch-culvert ma¬ 
sonry, The outside stones to be laid in cement mortar, and 
the whole wall to be thoroughly grouted, each course sepa¬ 
rately. The spandrel-backing (haunching) to be good rub¬ 
ble-work, laid in mortar, built as directed by the engineer, 
and to be paid for at the same rate as third-class bridge 
masonry. 

In any arch-culvert or bridge the abutments, wing and 
spandrel walls, and backing, or any of these, may, at the 
discretion of the engineer, be built of rubble-work, similar 
to that of third-class bridge masonry (§ 42), and when so 
built shall be paid for at the same price as that class of 
masonry. 

51. Exercises on Plates VIII and IX.—1. Make an end 
elevation taken at right angles to the plane of the face of 
the arch. 

2. Draw isometrics of, and patterns for, some of the cop¬ 
ing-stones of the wing and parapet walls. 

3. Check the corner dimensions given for the keystone 
on Plate IX, and make an isometric drawing of the stone. 


PLATE 10 



























































































































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY . 


41 


Art. 6.—Railroad-bridge Masonry. 

PLATE X.—ABUTMENT AND PIER ON LEHIGH VALLEY 

RAILROAD. 

52. The drawings for this piece of work are much more 
finished in appearance than the actual structures. By com¬ 
parison of this plate with No. 11 it will at once be seen that 
although a great many dimensions are given for the abutment 
and pier there are but very few dimension-stones and no de¬ 
tails for any cut stone. A reference to the specifications for 
the kinds of masonry used (§§ 50, 53, and 54) shows plainly 
that no special details are needed. The original drawings 
are unusually well figured, but for the purpose of reproduc¬ 
tion it was found necessary to omit some. The student’s 
attention is, however, called to the fact that it is always well 
to give full dimensions for a working drawing if it is ex¬ 
pected to carry out the work in exact accordance with them. 
Scaled dimensions, especially from a blue print, are apt to be 
very misleading. A close study of working drawings and 
noting carefully the work being done on similar structures in 
the course of erection will now teach the draughtsman where 
dimensions are most needed and where he can save himself 
unnecessary work. 

Here, as on Plate VIII, the faces of the different walls 
have an even batter, while the backs are stepped. 

Notice how the steps on the wing-walls radiate from the 
steps on the back of the abutment. The sections A/> and 
CD are taken on broken lines in order that the thickness of 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING ‘ AND MASONRY. 


42 

all of the stones supporting the bed-plates may be shown on 
one section. 

The ends of the pier are shaped as shown to turn aside 
driftwood, ice, etc., and to prevent the forming of eddies 
around the pier, which might scour at the foundation. 

53 . First-class Masonry will be first-class rock range-work 
(g 14). The stone to be accurately squared, jointed, and 
bedded, and laid in courses not less than ten inches thick, nor 
exceeding twenty-four inches in thickness, regularly decreas¬ 
ing from bottom to top of pier or abutment. The stretchers, 
shall in no case have less than sixteen inches bed for a ten-, 
inch course, and for all courses above sixteen inches at least 
as much bed as face; they shall generally be at least four feet 
in length. The headers will be of similar size with the 
stretchers, and shall hold the size in the heart of the wall 
that they show on the face, and be so arranged as to occupy 
one fifth of the face of the wall, and they will be similarly 
disposed in the back. When the thickness of the wall neces¬ 
sitates it, stones not less than four feet in length will be placed 
transversely in the heart of the wall, to connect the two op¬ 
posite sides of it. The stones for the heart of the wall need 
not be jointed, but must be well fitted to their places. The 
stones forming the points of piers which act as ice-breakers 
shall be neatly dressed on their faces; the other face-stones 
will, with the exception of the draft, be generally left with 
the face as they come from the quarry, unless the projections 
above the draft should exceed two inches, in which case they 
shall be roughly scabbled down to that point. The coping 
shall not be less than fourteen inches thick and three feet 
wide, well dressed and fastened together and to lower courses 
with clamps of iron, without extra charge. 

54- Second-class Masonry. —This comes under squared- 


STONE-CUTTING AND MA SO NR Y. 


43 


stone masonry (§§ 6 and 13)? though the facing is generally 
a better grade of work. Extracts from specifications for this 
class are given below. 

It shall be range-work or in broken courses, as may best 
suit the stone that is used. Face-stones to be accurately 
jointed and bedded, and no stone to be less than eight inches 
thick. The stretchers in the face to have beds of at least fif¬ 
teen inches, and in no case less bed than rise, and to be not 
less than three feet long, measured in the face of the wall. 
The headers shall not have less than sixteen inches length of 
face, and shall extend at least three and one half feet into 
the wall, and not less than one header to every seven feet of 
wall, measured from centre to centre, and so arranged that a 
header in a superior course shall be placed between two 
headers in the course below. Backing-stones to be of large 
size, have parallel beds, but beds not dressed, as in first-class 
masonry. The outside stone to be set in cement mortar. 
Drafts to be cut on all corners of masonry.* 

* For complete specifications on all grades of railroad masonry see 
“ A Treatise on Masonry Construction,” by Prof. I. O. Baker. 



44 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY . 


Art. 7.—Canal-lock Masonry. 

PLATE XI.—ST. MARY’S FALLS CANAL-LOCK. 

ft- • » * ' ' * 

55 - The d rawings and specifications for this large and im¬ 
portant piece of masonry are very detailed and very precise. 
Outside of government work such exhaustive drawings would 
hardly be furnished for similar construction. 

Extracts from the specifications for the cut stone say: 

“The cut stone shall conform approximately in dimensions 
to the bill of materials appended to these specifications, but 
exact drawings of the stones will be furnished the contractor 
when he needs them.” 

No : joints were cut closer than f inch, and it was speci 
fied that, “No joint shall vary in thickness from the dimen¬ 
sions specified, and the dimensions of all stones shall be such 
that the centre of each vertical joint shall not vary more than 
yL inch on either side of a vertical line through the centre of 
the lowest corresponding joint.” 

Drawings were therefore made of every course of stone in 
the lock (and there were twenty-three such courses), eleva¬ 
tions, sections and patterns, and other details, specimens of 
which are shown on Plate XI. The full-size patterns for 
every stone not rectangular were cut out of zinc and furnished 
the contractor by the United States engineers in charge. 

56. There being a large number of such patterns (471), 
some system of identification was of course necessary, and 
each different pattern received a distinctive number. The 
numbering on the plan and the patterns corresponding are 




PLATE 11 
800 FT. LOCK 



AND 









































































































































































































































































































































































































































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY . 


45 

shown on this plate. An idea of the scheme followed for 
identifying the cut stone for a large building, as they are re¬ 
ceived from the stone-cutters, maybe gained from Plates XII 
and XIII. 

In the lock now under consideration the finished stone, when 
inspected by the United States inspector at the stone-yard, was 
marked with its proper pattern number, course number, and 
running number. The exact place on the wall for each stone 
of the successive courses as carried up was accurately marked 
for the contractor. The contractor, therefore, had only to 
cut the stone to certain patterns and put it on the place 
marked for it on the wall. There were over 1400 pieces of 
cut stone, aggregating nearly 19,000 cubic yards, and they all 
went together so nicely that it took less than ten hours’ work 
for a stone-cutter to correct errors on the whole job. 

57 . The stones varied in size from 3^ ft. X 8 ft. X 8J- ft. 
to | ft. X ft. X 8 ft., giving 238 and 6 cu. ft. respectively. 
In general the dimensions were 2 ft. X 3 ft. X 6 ft. As the 
stone was specified to weigh not less than 148 lbs. to the 
cubic foot, the above dimensions give over 35,000 lbs. for the 
largest, and over 5000 lbs. for the average weight of each 
stone. These figures should give the student a good guide as 
to the dimensioning of cut stone, that they may be easily 
handled with the ordinary machinery. 

It may be of interest to note that the cut-stone work in 

this structure was furnished and laid in the walls for $28.50 

\ 

per cu. yd., a reasonable figure for such work. 


46 


MODERN STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY. 


Art. 8.—Architectural Stonework. 

PLATE XII.—TOWER DOOR FROM THE BUILDING FOR 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

58 . The drawings on this and the next two plates are 
further examples of carefully detailed work. All the face- 
stones in this immense building are dimension-stones, and 
details like those on Plate XI were necessary. In this case, 
however, the usual practice was followed; namely, that of 
furnishing the contractor for the stonework with the dimen¬ 
sioned drawings instead of the patterns, and letting him 
make the latter himself. The inspected stone was properly 
marked for ready identification, shipped to the site of the 
building, and at once deposited near its final place. 

59. Plate XII is a recessed entrance in a circular wall. The 
clear opening, being less than four feet, is readily spanned by a 
single stone and the construction of an arch as in Plate V 
avoided. 

60. Exercises. — 1. Draw a horizontal section through the 
course G. 

2. Draw isometrics of the stones d, b, and c. 

3. Draw the necessary patterns for d, b , and c. 

4. Draw an isometric of, and the necessary patterns for, 
one of the stones in the doorway, in course E. 


PLATE 12 

TOWER DOOR 



FROM THE 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



PLAN ON LINE T-T 


LINTEL 


COURSE 


LINTEL COURSE 


STOM 


BRICK WORK 


COURSE H 


BELT COURSE 


1 


■ X" 

(if 7' 


^ Q S vX C 0 H SE 

/ "'Tr- 


- dl 


r- . S. 

b e 7 



COURSE G 




COURSE F 


S COURSE E 


~o 


COURSE D 




COURSE C 


-r- 




COURSE B 


COURSE A 


BASE COURSE 


ELEVATION 


SCALE 
0 1 Ft. 


SECTION R-R 




- 2 - 3 - - 


- 2 - 3 - - 


PLAN ON LINE S-S 




































































































































































































































PLATE 13 

ENTRANCE & PORTE COCHE^RE 

FROM THE 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

SCALE O ' 7 FEET 
OK 
U I 

































































































































STONE-CUTTING AND MASONRY . 


47 


PLATES XIII AND XIV.—ENTRANCE AND PORTE COCHERE 
FROM BUILDING FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

61. These drawings show a complex and elegant piece of 
architectural masonry. It is impossible in this limited space 
to give all the necessary detail drawings, but a sufficient num¬ 
ber are given to show the student what else would be required. 
Every joint of the stones is carefully shown, so that the full- 
size patterns can easily be made, and the dimensions extend¬ 
ing into the walls are given by numerous sections. Some of 
those not shown are horizontal sections of the courses marked 
R, S, T, and U on the elevation, and vertical sections at dif¬ 
ferent points along the railing, etc. 

62. The development of the railing is obtained very sim¬ 
ply, thus: From the points on the plan as an origin the 
length of tread No. 1 as measured on the outer curve of the 
rail is laid off in the development; 2, 3, 4, etc., are similarly 
laid off, and the vertical distances of the railing above the 
plane of each step as obtained from the elevation marked on 
the corresponding places of the development. The pattern of 
each stone of the railing is now easily obtained by bending 
the developed pieces to the proper curves shown on the plan. 
The faces are of course left rough, so that the cutter who does 
the artistic work may draw and cut the ornaments. 

63. Exercises. — 1. Make details, isometric and patterns, 
for one of the railing-posts. 

2. How would the stone-cutter work the skew part of the 
top of the railing? 






PLATE 14 






ENTRANCE & PORTE COCHERE 

FROM THE 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


< 

m 


SCA LE OF F EET 
i 

























































































































































































































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Design of Simple Roof-trusses in Wood and Steel.8vo, 2 00 

Johnson, Bryan, and Turneaure’s Theory and Practice, in the Designing of 

Modern Framed Structures.Small 4to, 10 00 

Merriman and Jacoby’s Text-book on Roofs and Bridges: 

Part I.—Stresses in Simple Trusses.8vo, 2 50 

Part II.—Graphic Statics.8vo, 2 50 

Part III.—Bridge Design. 4th Edition, Rewritten.8vo, 2 50 

Part IV.—Higher Structures.8vo, 2 50 

Morison’s Memphis Bridge.4to, 1000 

Waddell’s De Pontibus, a Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers... i6mo, morocco, 3 00 

Specifications for Steel Bridges.i2mo, 1 25 

Wood’s Treatise on the Theory of the Construction of Bridges and Roofs.8vo, 2 00 
Wright’s Designing of Draw-spans: 

Part I. —Plate-girder Draws.8vo, 2 50 

Part II.—Riveted-truss and Pin-connected Long-span Draws.8vo, 2 50 

Two parts in one volume.8vo, 3 50 

HYDRAULICS. 

Bazin’s Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein Issuing from an 

Orifice. (Trautwine.).8vo, 2 00 

Bovey’s Treatise on Hydraulics.8vo, 5 00 

Church’s Mechanics of Engineering.8vo, 6 00 

Diagrams of Mean Velocity of Water in Open Channels.paper, 1 50 

Coffin’s Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems.i6mo, morocco, 2 50 

Flather’s Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power.12mo, 3 00 

Folwell’s Water-supply Engineering.8vo, 4 00 

Frizell’s Water-power.8vo, 5 00 


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Fuertes’s Water and Public Health.nmo, i 50 

Water-filtration Works.nmo, 2 50 

Ganguillet and Kutter’s General Formula for the Uniform Flow of Water in 

Rivers and Other Channels. (Hering and Trautwine.).8vo, 4 00 

Hazen’s Filtration of Public Water-supply.8vo, 3 00 

Hazlehurst’s Towers and Tanks for Water-works.8vo, 2 50 

Herschel’s 115 Experiments on the Carrying Capacity of Large, Riveted, Metal 

Conduits.8vo, 2 00 

Mason’s Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Stand¬ 
point.) 3d Edition, Rewritten.8vo, 4 00 

Merriman’s Treatise on Hydraulics, gth Edition, Rewritten.8vo, 5 00 

* Michie’s Elements of Analytical Mechanics.8vo, 4 00 

Schuyler’s Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-power, and Domestic Water- 

supply..Large 8vo, 5 00 

** Thomas and Watt’s Improvement of Riyers. (Post., 44 c. additional), 4to, 6 00 

Turneaure and Russell’s Public Water-supplies.8vo. 5 00 

Wegmann’s Desien and Construction of Dams.4to, 5 00 

Water-supplv of the City of New York from 1658 to 1895.4to, 10 00 

Weisbach’s Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. (Du Bois.).8vo, 5 00 

Wilson’s Manual of Irrigation Engineering.Small 8vo, 4 00 

Wolff’s Windmill as a Prime Mover.8vo,' 3 00 

Wood’s Turbines.8vo, 2 50 

Elements of Analytical Mechanics.8vo, 3 00 

MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 

Baker’s Treatise on Masonry Construction.8vo, 5 00 

Roads and Pavements.8vo, 5 00 

Black’s United States Public Works.Oblong 4to, 5 00 

Bovey’s Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures.8vo, 7 50 

Burr’s Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering. 6 th Edi¬ 
tion, Rewritten. 8 vo, 7 50 

Byrne’s Highway Construction.8vo, 5 00 

Inspection of the Materials and Workmanship Employed in Construction. 

i6mo, 3 00 

Church’s Mechanics of Engineering.8vo, 6 00 

Du Bois’s Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I.Small 4to, 7 50 

Johnson’s Materials of Construction.Large 8vo, 6 00 

Keep’s Cast Iron.8vo, 2 50 

Lanza’s Applied Mechanics. 8 vo, 7 50 

Martens’s Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols. 8 vo, 750 

Merrill’s Stones for Building and Decoration.8vo, 5 00 

Merriman's Text-book on the Mechanics of Materials.8vo, 4 00 

Strength of Materials.i2mo, 1 00 

Metcalf’s Steel. A Manual for Steel-users.12mo, 2 00 

Patton’s Practical Treatise on Foundations.8vo, 5 00 

Rockwell’s Roads and Pavements in France. i2mo, 1 25 

Smith’s Wire: Its Use and Manufacture.Small 4to, 3 00 

Materials of Machines.12mo, 1 00 

Snow’s Principal Species of Wood.8vo, 3 50 

Spalding’s Hydraulic Cement.. 2 00 

Text-book on Roads and Pavements.i2mo, 2 00 

Thurston’s Materials of Engineering. 3 Parts. 8vo, 8 00 

Parti.—Non-metallic Materials of Engineering and Metallurgy.8vo, 2 00 

Part II.—Iron and Steel.8vo, 3 50 

Part III.—A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents. 8 vo, 2^50 


7 















































Thurston’s Text-book of the Materials of Construction.8vo, 5 00 

Tillson’s Street Pavements and Paving Materials.8vo, 4 00 

Waddell’s De Pontibus. (A Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers.).. i6mo, mor., 3 00 

Specifications for Steel Bridges.12mo, 1 25 

Wood’s Treatise on the Resistance of Materials, and an Appendix on the Pres¬ 
ervation of Timber.8vo, 2 00 

Elements of Analytical Mechanics.8vo, 3 00 


RAILWAY ENGINEERING. 


Andrews’s Handbook for Street Railway Engineers. 3X5 inches, morocco, 1 25 

Berg’s Buildings and Structures of American Railroads.4to, 5 00 

Brooks’s Handbook of Street Railroad Location.i 6 mo. morocco, 1 50 

Butts’s Civil Engineer’s Field-book.i6mo, morocco, 2 50 

Crandall’s Transition Curve.i6mo, morocco, 1 50 

Railway and Other Earthwork Tables.8vo, 1 50 

Dawson’s “Engineering” and Electric Traction Pocket-book. «i6mo, morocco, 4 00 
Dredge’s History of the Pennsylvania Railroad: (1879).Paper, 5 00 

* Drinker’s Tunneling, Explosive Compounds, and Rock Drills,4to, half mor., 25 00 

Fisher’s Table of Cubic Yards.Cardboard, 25 

Godwin’s Railroad Engineers’ Field-book and Explorers’ Guide.i6mo, mor., 2 50 

Howard’s Transition Curve Field-book.i6mo morocco 1 50 

Hudson’s Tables for Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Em¬ 
bankments ...8vo, 1 00 

Molitor and Beard’s Manual for Resident Engineers.i6mo, 1 00 

Nagle’s Field Manual for Railroad Engineers.i 6 mo, morocco. 3 00 

Philbrick’s Field Manual for Engineers.i6mo, morocco, 3 00 

Pratt and Alden’s Street-railway Road-bed.8vo, 2 00 

Searles’s Field Engineering.i6mo, morocco, 3 00 

Railroad Spiral.i6mo, morocco 1 50 

Taylor’s Prismoidal Formulae and Earthwork.8vo, 1 50 

* Trautwine’s Method of Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and 

Embankments by the Aid of Diagrams.8vo, 2 00 

he Field Practice of [Laying Out Circular Curves for Railroads. 

12mo, morocco, 2 50 

* Cross-section Sheet.Paper, 25 

Webb’s Railroad Construction. 2d Edition, Rewritten.i6mo. morocco, 5 00 

Wellington’s Economic Theory of the Location of Railways.Small 8vo, 5 00 


DRAWING. 


Barr’s Kinematics of Machinery.8vo, 2 50 

* Bartlett’s Mechanical Drawing.8vo, 3 00 

Coolidge’s Manual of Drawing.8vo, paper, 1 00 

Durley’s Kinematics of Machines.8vo, 4 00 

Hill’s Text-book on Shades and Shadows, and Perspective.8vo, 2 00 

Jones’s Machine Design: 

Parti.—Kinematics of Machinery.8vo, 1 50 

Part II.—Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts.8vo, 3 00 

MacCord’s Elements of Descriptive Geometry.8vo, 3 00 

Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism.8vo, 5 00 

Mechanical Drawing. 4 to, 4 00 

Velocity Diagrams.8vo, 1 50 

* Mahan’s Descriptive Geometry and Stone-cutting.8vo, 1 50 

Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.).8vo, 3 50 

Reed’s Topographical Drawing and Sketching. 4 to, 5 00 

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Reid’s Course in Mechanical Drawing.8vo, 

Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. .8vo, 

Robinson’s Principles of Mechanism.8vo, 

Smith’s Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.).8vo, 

Warren’s Elements of Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing.. i2mo, 

Drafting Instruments and Operations.nmo, 

Manual of Elementary Projection Drawing.i2mo, 

Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and 

Shadow.i2mo, 

Plane Problems in Elementary Geometry.i2mo. 

Primary Geometry.i2mo, 

Elements of Descriptive Geometry, Shadows, and.Perspective. .8vo, 

General Problems of Shades and Shadows.8vo, 

Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing.8vo, 

Problems. Theorems, and Examples in Descriptive Geometrv.8vo, 

Weisbach’s Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. vHermann an' 1 

Klein.) .8vo, 

Whelpley’s Practical Instruction in the Art of Letter Engraving.i2mo, 

Wilson’s Topographic Surveying.8vo, 

Free-hand Perspective.8vo, 

Free-hand Lettering. (In preparation.) 

Woolf’s Elementary Course in Descriptive Geometry.Large 8vo, 


2 oo 

3 oo 
3 oo 

2 50 
i oo 
i 25 
i 50 

i oo 

1 25 
75 

3 50 
3 oo 
7 50 

2 50 

5 oo 

2 OO 

3 50 

2 50 

3 oo 


“ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS. 


Anthony and Brackett’s Text-book of Physics. (Magie.).Small 8vo, 

Anthony’s Lecture-notes on the Theory of Electrical Measurements.i2mo, 

Benjamin’slHistory of Electricity.8vo, 

Voltaic Cell.8vo, 

Classen’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.). .8vo, 

Crehore and Squier’s Polarizing Photo-chronograph.8vo, 

Dawson’s “Engineering” and Electric Traction Pocket-book.. iomo, morocco, 

Flather’s Dvnamometers, and the Measurement of Power.i2mo, 

Gilbert’s De Magnete. (Mottelay.).8vo, 

Holman’s Precision of Measurements.8vo, 

Telescopic Mirror-scale Method, Adjustments, and Tests.Large 8vo 

Landauer’s Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.).8vo, 

Le Chateller’s High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard—Burgess. )i2mo, 

Lob’s Electrolysis and Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) i2mo, 

* Lyons’s Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and 11. 8vo, each,? 

* Michie. Elements of Wave Motion Relating to^Sound’and Light.8vo, 

Niaudet’s Elementary Treatise on Electric Batteries. (FishDacK.).nmo, 2 50 

* Parshall and Hobart’s Electric Generators.Small 4to. half morocco, 10 00 

* Rosenberg’s Electrical Engineering. (Haldane Gee—Kinzbrunner.)... 8vo, 1 50 
Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie’s Electrical Machinery. (In preparation 

Thurston’s Stationary Steam-engines.8vo, 2 50 

* Tillman’s Elementary Lessons in Heat.8vo, 1 50 

Tory and Pitcher’s Manual of Laboratory Physics.Small 8vo, 2 00 

Ulke’s Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining. 8 vo, 3 00 


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3 
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3 

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4 
3 

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2 

3 

3 

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4 


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00 

00 

00 

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50 

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75 

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LAW. 


♦^Davis’s Elements of Law.8vo, 2 50 

* Treatise on the Military Law of United States.8vo, 7 00 

* Sheep, 7 50 

Manual for Courts-martial.i6mo, morocco, 1 50 


9 







































Wait’s Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence. 8v0 * 6 oo 

Sheep, 6 50 

Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi¬ 
tecture. 8vo ’ 5 00 

Sheep, 5 So 

Law of Contracts. 8v0 » 3 00 

Winthrop’s Abridgment of Military Law.... 2 50 

MANUFACTURES. 

Bernadou’s Smokeless Powder—Nitro-cellulose and Theory of the Cellulose 

Molecule.. 2 50 

Bolland’s Iron Founder.. 2 50 

“The Iron Founder,” Supplement.i2mo, 2 50 

Encyclopedia of Founding and Dictionary of^Foundry Terms Usedjn the 

Practice of Moulding.. 3 00 

Eissler’s Modern High Explosives. 8vo, 4 00 

Effront’s Enzymes and their Applications. (Prescott.).8vo, 3 00 

Fitzgerald’s Boston Machinist.i8mo, 1 00 

Ford’s Boiler Making for Boiler Makers.i8mo, 1 00 

Hopkins’s Oil-chemists’ Handbook.8vo, 3 00 

Keep’s Cast Iron.8vo, 2 50 

Leach’s The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special.Reference to State 
Control. (In preparation.) 

Metcalf’s Steel. A Manual for Steel-users.i2mo, 2 00 

Metcalfe's Cost of Manufactures—And the Administration of Workshops, 

Public and Private.8vo, 5 00 

Meyer’s Modern Locomotive Construction.4to, 10 00 

* Reisig’s Guide to Piece-dyeing.8vo, 25 00 

Smith’s Press-working of Metals.8vo, 3 00 

Wire: Its Use and Manufacture.Small 4to, 3 00 

Spalding’s Hydraulic Cement.i2mo, 2 00 

Spencer’s Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses.i6mo, morocco, 3 00 

Handbook tor sugar Manufacturers and their Chemists... i6mo, morocco, 2 00 
Thurston’s Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction and Opera¬ 
tion.8vo, s 00 

* Walke’s Lectures on Explosives.8vo, 4 00 

West’s American Foundry Practice.i2mo, 2 50 

Moulder’s Text-book.i2tno, 2 50 

Wiechmann’s Sugar Analysis.Small 8vo, 2 50 

Wolff’s Windmill as a Prime Mover.8vo, 3 00 

Woodbury's Fire Protection of Mills.8vo, 2 50 

MATHEMATICS. 

Baker’s Elliptic Functions.8vo, 1 50 

* Bass’s Elements of Differential Calculus.i2mo, 4 00 

Briggs’s Elements of Plane Analytic Geometry.i2mo, 1 00 

Chapman’s Elementary Course in Theory of Equations.i2mo, 1 50 

Compton’s Manual of Logarithmic Computations.i2mo, 1 50 

Davis’s Introduction to the Logic of Algebra.8vo, 1 50 

* Dickson’s College Algebra.Large 12mo, 1 50 

* Introduction to the Theory of Algebraic Equations .LargeTi2mo, 1 25 

Halsted's Elements of Geometry.8vo, 1 75 

Elementary Synthetic Geometry.8vo. 1 50 


10 









































* Johnson’s Three-place Logarithmic Tables: Vest-pocket size.paper, 1 15 

100 copies for 5 00 

* Mounted on heavy cardboard, 8X10 inches, 25 

10 copies for 2 00 

Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus.Small 8vo, 1 50 

Curve Tracing in Cartesian Co-ordinates.nmo, 1 00 

Treatise on Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations.Small 8vo, 3 50 

Theory of Errors and the Method of Least Squares.i2mo, 1 50 

* Theoretical Mechanics.i2mo, 3 00 

Laplace’s Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.) nmo, 2 00 

* Ludlow and Bass. Elements of Trigonometry and Logarithmic and Other 

Tables.8vo, 3 00 

Trigonometry and Tables published separately. Each, 2 00 

Maurer’s Technical Mechanics. (In preparation .) 

Merriman and Woodward’s Higher Mathematics.8vo, 5 00 

Merriman’s Method of Least Squares.8vo, 2 00 

Rice and Johnson’s Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus.Sm., 8vo, 3 00 

Differential and Integral Calculus. 2 vols. in one.Gmail 8vo, 2 50 

Wood’s Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry.8vo, 2 00 

Trigonometry: Analytical, Plane, and Spherical.i2mo, 1 00 

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 

Baldwin’s Steam Heating for Buildings.i2mo, 2 50 

Barr’s Kinematics of Machinery.8vo, 2 50 

* Bartlett’s Mechanical Drawing.8vo, 3 00 

Benjamin’s Wrinkles and Recipes.i2mo, 2 00 

Carpenter’s Experimental Engineering.8vo, 6 00 

Heating and Ventilating Buildings.8vo, 4 00 

Clerk’s Gas and Oil Engine.Small 8vo, 4 00 

Coolidge’s Manual of Drawing.8vo, paper, 1 00 

Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing.nmo, 1 50 

Treatise on Belts and Pulleys.nmo, 1 50 

Durley’s Kinematics of Machines.8vo, 4 00 

Flather’s Dynamometers and the Measurement of Power.nmo, 3 00 

Rope Driving.nmo, 2 00 

Gill’s Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers.nmo, 1 25 

Hall’s Car Lubrication. nmo, 1 00 

Hutton's The Gas Engine. (In preparation.) 

Jones’s Machine Design: 

Part I.—Kinematics of Machinery.8vo, 1 50 

Part II.—Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts.8vo, 3 00 

Kent’s Mechanical Engineer’s Pocket-book.i 6 mo, morocco, 500 

Kerr’s Power and Power Transmission.8vo, 2 00 

MacCord’s Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism.8vo, 5 00 

Mechanical Drawing.4to, 4 00 

Velocity Diagrams. 8 vo, 1 50 

Mahan’s Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.). 8 vo, 3 50 

Poole’s Calorific Power of Fuels. 8 vo, 3 00 

Reid’s Course in Mechanical Drawing.8vo. 2 00 

Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. . 8 vo, 3 00 

Richards’s Compressed Air.umo, 1 50 

Robinson’s Principles of Mechanism.8vo, 3 00 

Smith’s Press-working of Metals.- - 8vo 3 00 

Thurston’s Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mil 

Work.8vo, 3 00 

Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics. nmo, 1 00 

11 












































Warren’s Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing.? vo, 7 5 ® 

Weisbach’s Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. Herrmann— 

Klein.).8vo, 5 oo 

Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann—Klein.). .8vo, 5 °° 

Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. (Du Bois.).8vo, 5 oo 

Wolff’s Windmill as a Prime Mover.8vo, 3 oo 

Wood’s Turbines.8vo, 2 50 

MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 

Bovey’s Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures.8vo, 7 50 

Burr’s Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering. 6th Edition, 

Reset. 8 vo, 7 5 ° 

Church’s Mechanics of Engineering.8vo, 6 00 

Johnson’s Materials of Construction.Large 8vo, 6 00 

Keep’s Cast Iron.8vo 2 50 

Lanza’s Applied Mechanics. 8 vo, 7 5 ° 

Martens’s Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.).8vo, 7 50 

Merriman’s Text-book on the Mechanics of Materials.8vo, 4 00 

Strength of Mater'als.umo, 1 00 

Metcalf’s Steel. A Manual for Steel-users.12 mo 2 00 

Smith’s Wire: Its Use and Manufacture.Small 4to, 3 00 

Materials of Machines.12mo, 1 00 

Thurston’s Materials of Engineering.3 vols., Svo 8 00 

Part II.—Iron and Steel. 8 vo, 3 50 

Part III.—A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents.8vo, 2 50 

Text-book of the Materials of Construction.8vo 5 00 

Wood’s Treatise on the Resistance of Materials and an Appendix on the 

Preservation of Timber.8vo, 2 00 

Elements of Analytical Mechanics.8vo, 3 00 

STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 

Carnot’s Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. (Thurston.).12mo, 1 50 

Dawson’s “Engineering” and Electric Traction Pocket-book.. i6mo, mor., 4 00 

Ford’s Boiler Making for Boiler Makers.i8mo, 1 00 

Goss’s Locomotive Sparks.8vo, 2 00 

Hemenway’s Indicator Practice and Steam-engine Economy.i2mo, 2 00 

Hutton’s Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants.8vo, 5 00 

Heat and Heat-engines.8vo, 5 00 

Kent’s Steam-boiler Economy..8vo, 4 00 

Kneass’s Practice and Theory of the Injector.8vo. 1 50 

MacCord’s Slide-valves.8vo, 2 00 

Meyer’s Modern Locomotive Construction.4to, 10 00 

Peabody’s Manual of the Steam-engine Indicator.12mo, 1 50 

Tables of the Properties of Saturated Steam and Other Vapors.8vo, 1 00 

Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines.8vo, 5 00 

Valve-gears for Steam-engines.8vo, 2 50 

Peabody and Miller’s Steam-boilers.8vo, 4 00 

Pray’s Twenty Years with the Indicator.Large 8vo, 2 50 

Pupln's Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors. 

(Osterberg.).umo, 1 25 

Reagan's Locomotives : Simple, Compound, and Electric.i2mo, 2 50 

Rontgen’s Principles of Thermodynamics. (Du Bois.).8vo, 5 00 

Sinclair’s Locomotive Engine Running and Management.12mo, 2 00 

Smart’s Handbook of Engineering Laboratory Practice.i2mo, 2 50 

Snow’s Steam-boiler Practice.8vo, 3 00 


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Spangler’s Valve-gears.8vo, 2 50 

Notes on Thermodynamics.nmo, 1 00 

Spangler, Greene, and Marshall’s Elements of Steam-engineering.8vo, 3 00 

Thurston’s Handy Tables.8vo, 1 50 

Manual of the Steam-engine.2 vols.. 8vo 10 00 

Part I.—History, Structuce, and Theory.8vo, 6 00 

Part II.—Design, Construction, and Operation.8vo, 6 00 

Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and the Use of the Indicator and 

the Prony Brake.8vo 5 00 

Stationary Steam-engines.8vo, 2 50 

Steam-boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice.i2mo, 1 50 

Manual of Steam-boilers, Their Designs, Construction, and Operation. 8vo, 5 00 

Weisbach’s Heat, Steam, a id Steam-engines. (Du Bois.).8vo, 5 00 

Whitham’s Steam-engine 1 esign.8vo, 5 00 

Wilson’s Treatise on Steam-boilers. (Flather.).i6mo, 2 50 

Wood’s Thermodynamics. Heat Motors, and Refrigerating Machines... .8vo, 4 00 

MECHANICS A.ND MACHINERY. 

Barr’s Kinematics ot Machinery. 8vo, 2 _ 50 

Bovey’s Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures.8vo, 7 50 

Chase’s The Art of Pattern-making.nmo, 2 50 

Chordal.—Extracts from Letters.nmo, 2 00 

Church’s Mechanics of Engineering.8vo 6 00 

Notes and Examples in Mechanics.8vo. 2 00 

Compton’s First Lessons in Metal-working.nmo, 1 50 

Compton and De Groodt’s The Speed Lathe.nmo, 1 50 

Cromwell’s Treatise on Toothed Gearing.nmo, 1 50 

Treatise on Belts and Pulleys.nmo, 1 50 

Dana’s Text-book of Elementary Mechanics for the Use of Colleges and 

Schools.nmo, 1 50 

Dingey’s Machinery Pattern Making.nmo, 2 00 

Dredge’s Record of the Transportation Exhibits Building of the World’s 

Columbian Exposition of 1893.4to, half morocco, 5 00 

Du BoU’s Elementary Principles of Mechanics: 

Vol. I.—Kinematics.8vo, 3 50 

Vol. II.—Statics.8vo, 4 00 

Vol. III.—Kinetics.8vo, 3 50 

Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I.Small 4to, 7 50 

Vol. II.Small 4to, 10 00 

Durley’s Kinematics of Machines.8vo, 4 00 

Fitzgerald’s Boston Machinist.i6mo, 1 00 

Flather’s Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power.nmo, 3 00 

Rope Driving.i2mo, 2 00 

Goss’s Locomotive Sparks.8vo, 2 00 

Hall’s Car Lubrication.nmo, 1 00 

Holly’s Art of Saw Filing.i8mo 75 

* Johnson’s Theoretical Mechanics.nmo, 3 00 

Statics by Graphic and Algebraic Methods.8vo, 2 00 

Jones’s Machine Design: 

Part I.—Kinematics of Machinery.8vo, 1 50 

Part II.—Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts.8vo, 3 00 

Kerr’s Power and Power Transmission.8vo, 2 00 

Lanza’s Applied Mechanics.8vo, 7 5<> 

MacCord’s Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism.8vo, 500 

Velocity Diagrams.8vo, 1 50 

Maurer’s Technical Mechanics. (In preparation.) 

13 
















































Merriman’s Text-book on the Mechanics of Materials.8vo, 

* Michie’s Elements of Analytical Mechanics.8vo, 

Reagan’s Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric.umo, 

Reid’s Course’in Mechanical Drawing.8vo, 

Text-book of;Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. .8vo, 

Richards’s Compressed Air.i2mo, 

Robinson’s Principles of Mechanism.8vo, 

Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie’s Electrical Machinery. ( In preparation.) 

Sinclair's Locomotive-engine Running andiManagement.i2mo, 

Smith’s Press-working of Metals.8vo, 

\ Materials of Machines.i2mo, 

Spangler, Greene, and Marshall’s Elements of Steam-engineering.8vo, 

Thurston’s Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill 

Work.8vo, 

Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics. i2mo, 

Warren’s Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing.8vo, 

Weisbach’s Kinematics \ and the Power of Transmission. (Herrmann— 

Klein.).8vo, 

Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann—Klein.).8vo, 

Wood’s Elements of Analytical Mechanics.8vo, 

Principles of Elementary Mechanics.nmo, 

Turbines.8vo, 

The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893.4to, 


4 00 

4 00 
2 50 

2 00 

3 00 

1 50 
3 00 

2 00 

3 00 
1 00 
3 00 

3 00 
1 00 
7 50 

5 00 
5 00 
3 00 

1 25 

2 50 
1 00 


METALLURGY. 


Egleston’s Metallurgy of Silver, Gold, and Mercury: 

Vol. I.—Silver. 8 vo, 7 50 

Vol. II.—Gold and Mercury. 8 vo, 7 50 

** Iles’s Lead-smelting. (Postage 9 cents additional.).i2mo, 2 50 

Keep’s Cast Iron.8vo, 2 50 

Kunhardt’s Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe.8vo, 1 50 

Le Chatelier’s High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard—Burgess.). i2mo, 3 00 

Metcalf’s Steel. A Manual for Steel-users.i2mo, 2 00 

Smith’s Materials of Machines.i2mo, 1 00 

Thurston’s Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts.8vo, 8 00 

Part II.—Iron and Steel.8vo, 3 50 

Part III.—A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents.8vo, 2 50 

Dike’s Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining.8vo, 3 00 


MINERALOGY. 

Barringer’s Description of Minerals of Commercial Value. Oblong, morocco, 2 50 

Boyd’s Resources of Southwest Virginia.8vo, 3 00 

Map of Southwest Virginia.Pocket-book form, 2 00 

Brush’s Manual of Determinative Mineralogy. (Penfield.).8vo, 4 00 

Chester’s Catalogue of Minerals.8vo, paper, 1 00 

Cloth, 1 25 

Dictionary of the Names of Minerals.8vo, 3 50 

Dana’s System of Mineralogy.Large 8vo, half leather, 12 50 

First Appendix to Dana’s New “System of Mineralogy.”_Large 8vo, 1 00 

Text-book of Mineralogy.8vo, 4 00 

Minerals and How to Study Them.i2mo, 1 50 

Catalogue of American Localities of Minerals.Large 8vo, 1 00 

Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography.i2mo, 2 00 

Egleston’s Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms. .8vo, 2 50 

Hussak’s The Determination of Rock-forming Minerals. (Smith.) Small 8vo, 2 00 

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* Penfield’s Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests. 

8vo, paper, o 50 

Rosenbusch’s Microscopical Physiography of the Rock-making Minerals. 

(Iddings.).8vo, 5 00 

* Tillman’s Text-book of Important Minerals and Docks.8vo, 2 00 

Williams’s Manual of Lithology.8vo, 3 00 

MINING. 

Beard's Ventilation of Mines.i2mo, 2 50 

Boyd’s Resources of Southwest Virginia.8vo, 3 00 

Map of Southwest Virginia.Pocket-book form, 2 00 

* Drinker’s Tunneling, Explosive Compounds, and Rock Drills. 

4to, half morocco, 25 00 

Eissler’s Modern High Explosives.8vo, 4 00 

Fowler’s Sewage Works Analyses.12mo, 2 00 

Goodyear’s Coal-mines of the Western Coast of the United States.i2mo, 2 50 

Ihlseng’s Manual of Mining, .8vo, 4 00 

*♦ Iles’s Lead-smelting. (Postage 9c. additional.).nmo, 2 50 

Kunhardt’s Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe.8vo, 1 50 

O’Driscoll’s Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores.8vo, 2 00 

* Walke’s Lectures on Explosives.8vo, 4 00 

Wilson’s Cyanide Processes.i2mo, 1 50 

Chlorination Process.i2tno, 1 50 

Hydraulic and Placer Mining.12mo, 2 00 

Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Mine Ventilation.12mo, 1 25 

SANITARY SCIENCE. 

Copeland’s Manual of Bacteriology. (In preparation.) 

Folwell’s Sewerage. (Designing, Construction, and Maintenance.;.8vo, 3 00 

Water-supply Engineering.8vo, 4 00 

Fuertes’s Water and Public Health.i2mo, 1 50 

Water-filtration Works.12mo, 2 50 

Gerhard’s Guide to Sanitary House-inspection.i6mo, 1 00 

Goodrich’s Economical Disposal of Town’s Refuse.Demy 8vo, 3 50 

Hazen’s Filtration of Public Water-supplies.8vo, 3 00 

Kiersted’s Sewage Disposal.i2mo, 1 25 

Leach’s The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 
Control. (In preparation.) 

Mason’s Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Stand¬ 
point.) 3d Edition, Rewritten.8vo, 4 00 

Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.).i2mo, 1 25 

Merriman’s Elements of Sanitary Engineering.8vo, 2 00 

Nichols’s Water-supply. (Considered Mainly from a Chemical and Sanitary 

Standpoint.) (1883.). 8v0 » 2 5<> 

Ogden’s Sewer Design.. 2 00 

♦Price’s Handbook on Sanitation.i2mo, 1 50 

Richards’s Cost of Food. A Study in Dietaries.i2mo, 1 00 

Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitary'.Science.i2mo, 1 00 

Richards and Woodman’s Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Stand¬ 
point.8vo, 2 00 

* Richards and Williams’s The DietarylComputer.8vo, 1 50 

Rideal’s Sewage and Bacterial Purification of Sewage.8vo, 3 50 

Turneaure and Russell’s Public Water-supplies.8vo, 5 00 

Whipple’s Microscopy of Drinking-water.8vo, 3 50 

Woodhull’s Notesland Military Hygiene.i6mo, 1 50 

15 










































MISCELLANEOUS 


Barker’s Deep-sea Soundings.8vo, 2 00 

Emmons’s Geological Guide-book of the Rocky Mountain Excursion of the 

International Congress of Geologists.Large 8vo, 1 50 

Ferrel’s Popular Treatise on the Winds.•.8vo, 4 00 

Haines’s American Railway Management.i2mo, 2 50 

Mott’s Composition,'Digestibility, and Nutritive Value of Food. Mounted chart. 1 25 

Fallacy of the Present Theory of Sound.i6mo, 1 00 

Ricketts’s History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1894. Small 8vo, 3 00 

Rotherham’s Empnasized New Testament.Large 8vo, 2 00 

Steel’s Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog.8vo, 3 50 

Totten’s Important Question in Metrology.8vo, 2 50 

The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893.4to, 1 00 

Worcester and Atkinson. Small Hospitals, Establishment and Maintenance, 
and Suggestions for Hospital Architecture, with Plans for a Small 
Hospital.i2mo, 1 25 

HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT-BOOKS. 

Green’s Grammar of the Hebrew Language.8vo, 3 00 

Elementary Hebrew Grammar.i2mo, 1 25 

Hebrew Chrestomathy.8vo, 2 00 

Gesenius’s Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.).Small 4to, half morocco, 5 00 

Letteris’s Hebrew Bible.8vo, 2 25 


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